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TIME: Almanac 1995
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TIME Almanac 1995.iso
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1994-03-25
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<text id=91TT2646>
<title>
Nov. 25, 1991: . . . But You Were Afraid to Ask
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Nov. 25, 1991 10 Ways to Cure The Health Care Mess
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SOCIETY, Page 74
...But You Were Afraid to Ask
</hdr><body>
<p> People across the U.S. rushed to call medical hot lines last
week to find out the latest scientific information about the
ways the AIDS virus can be transmitted. The number of inquiries
was so great that the lines were often tied up for hours. Here
are answers to some delicate questions about what can be risky
and how people can protect themselves:
</p>
<p> Q. Is kissing someone with AIDS dangerous?
</p>
<p> A. A very small quantity of the AIDS virus can get into
saliva. But it is rapidly destroyed by the fluid's digestive
enzymes. There has never been a documented case of HIV infection
through saliva. So open-mouth kissing is considered a low-risk
activity, but it is not absolutely safe.
</p>
<p> Q. What kind of sex is most dangerous?
</p>
<p> A. Being on the receiving end of anal intercourse carries
the greatest risk, for heterosexuals as well as gays. Blood
vessels in tissues lining the anus and rectum are easy to
rupture, and that gives HIV a direct passageway to the
bloodstream. The majority of sexually transmitted cases (as
opposed to those from shared needles or transfusions) probably
result from anal intercourse. Vaginal intercourse is less risky;
oral sex has the least risk.
</p>
<p> Q. Is the man or woman at greater risk in vaginal sex?
</p>
<p> A. Women have higher odds of being infected by an
HIV-positive man than the reverse. Infected semen can remain in
the vagina and uterus for days. And the tissues of the vagina,
though tougher than those in the anus, can also be torn during
intercourse. A man, however, is exposed to vaginal secretions
only during the sexual act itself. Unless he has genital ulcers
or a cut on the penis, the chances of being infected are small.
</p>
<p> Q. What is the best protection during intercourse?
</p>
<p> A. Men should wear a lubricated latex condom. Most brands
contain the spermicide nonoxynol-9, which also kills the AIDS
virus. Lambskin condoms will not do the job since the virus can
pass through the porous natural membrane.
</p>
<p> Q. Does having sex during menstruation increase the risk
of infection?
</p>
<p> A. Studies suggest that the virus may pass more readily
from woman to man during that time. A condom provides
protection, but it is probably safer to abstain from vaginal
intercourse during a period.
</p>
<p> Q. How dangerous is oral sex?
</p>
<p> A. Not as hazardous as intercourse, but nothing to be
casual about. The partner performing oral sex is more at risk
because he or she comes into contact with vaginal or seminal
fluids. The virus can pass from those fluids into cuts in the
mouth. Those receiving oral sex are exposed only to saliva.
</p>
<p> Q. What precautions can be taken in oral sex?
</p>
<p> A. Males receiving it should wear a latex condom. When the
woman is the receiving partner, a dental dam should be used.
That is a square piece of latex placed over the vaginal area.
Many pharmacies now carry dams, a nonprescription item, on
racks next to condoms.
</p>
<p> Q. At what point in a relationship is it reasonable to
stop taking precautions against HIV infection?
</p>
<p> A. Protection should be used for the first six months
after starting a relationship with a new partner. Then each
partner should be tested for HIV. If both test negative and the
couple have a monogamous relationship and don't indulge in risky
behavior, such as using needles, then it's safe to discontinue
using condoms as a protection against AIDS.
</p>
<p> Q. Is it risky to play sports or share athletic facilities
with people who are infected?
</p>
<p> A. The AIDS virus is not found in sweat. So health-club
members need not worry about who last rode the exercise bike.
But in contact sports where bloody injuries can occur--such
as boxing, football and basketball--it's possible for the
virus to pass from one athlete to another. The risk appears to
be extremely small: the Olympics' chief medical officer said
last week that Magic Johnson would be welcome to play in the
1992 Games.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>